Literature reviews, generated by AI
Sciqst is a reasoning AI for the life sciences: ask a question and get a scientific review built from recent scholarly papers on your topic.
Searches PubMed · Reviews cite recent scholarly papers
Sciqst is a reasoning AI for the life sciences: ask a question and get a scientific review built from recent scholarly papers on your topic.
Searches PubMed · Reviews cite recent scholarly papers
La evidencia disponible indica que la tiroiditis subaguda y las alteraciones transitorias de la función tiroidea pueden aparecer después de la infección por SARS-CoV-2 y, con menor frecuencia, tras la vacunación contra COVID-19. Los datos sobre AstraZeneca (ChAdOx1/AZD1222/Vaxzevria) proceden principalmente de informes y series de casos, con escasos estudios observacionales y sin comparaciones directas adecuadas con la infección. La presentación posvacunal suele corresponder a una fase hipotiroidea transitoria de una tiroiditis subaguda, precedida por tirotoxicosis. Aunque se han descrito casos de hipotiroidismo manifiesto y exacerbación de enfermedad tiroidea previa, no se ha demostrado causalidad individual ni un riesgo específico superior al asociado con SARS-CoV-2. La mayoría de los casos evoluciona favorablemente, pero puede requerirse seguimiento de TSH y T4 libre.
Question: Hipotiroidismo post vacunación vs. COVID29 con vacuna Astra Zeneca
Read the full reviewLa evidencia disponible indica que tirzepatida presenta un perfil cardiovascular favorable y no se asocia con un aumento del riesgo de eventos cardiovasculares. Sus efectos sobre el peso corporal, la glucemia, la presión arterial y algunos parámetros lipídicos sugieren una mejoría del perfil cardiometabólico. Los ensayos y metaanálisis muestran tendencias hacia menos eventos cardiovasculares, mientras que algunos estudios observacionales han descrito asociaciones con menor incidencia de eventos y mortalidad. Sin embargo, los análisis aleatorizados no han demostrado de forma concluyente una reducción superior de los eventos cardiovasculares mayores frente a comparadores activos. En SURPASS-CVOT, tirzepatida fue no inferior a dulaglutida para muerte cardiovascular, infarto de miocardio o accidente cerebrovascular, y los análisis cardiorrenales post hoc sugirieron beneficios adicionales, aunque estos deben interpretarse con cautela. En conjunto, tirzepatida parece cardiovascularmente segura y posiblemente beneficiosa, pero la magnitud, independencia y causalidad de su efecto sobre los desenlaces cardiovasculares requieren confirmación.
Question: Ha mejorado el riesgo cardiovascular tirzepatida?
Read the full reviewAvailable evidence indicates moderate to substantial but highly country-dependent market potential for varicella vaccine in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The opportunity is shaped by disease burden, affordability, financing, immunization infrastructure, surveillance, and the choice between one- and two-dose schedules. Evidence from Colombia and Costa Rica demonstrates that universal vaccination can be cost-effective and can substantially reduce cases, hospitalizations, and complications in middle-income settings. Studies from India and other developing-country contexts suggest that private-sector demand already exists but is constrained by affordability, awareness, and competing vaccine priorities. Additional opportunities may arise through targeted vaccination of adolescents, refugees and migrants, women of childbearing age, and health-care workers. However, the available evidence does not provide reliable country-specific estimates of demand, procurement volume, willingness to pay, market size, or budget impact. The strongest near-term opportunity is therefore likely to involve selected middle- and lower-middle-income countries, urban private markets, and targeted or phased public-sector programs supported by affordable pricing and sustainable financing.
Question: Vaccine market potential of varicella vaccine in low middle income countries
Read the full reviewChronic active gastritis with reactive change is a pattern of gastric mucosal injury combining predominantly lymphoplasmacytic inflammation with superimposed neutrophilic activity and epithelial injury or regeneration. Histologic features may include foveolar hyperplasia, elongated or corkscrew-shaped pits, regenerative epithelial atypia, mucin depletion, surface erosion or ulceration, edema, and extension of smooth-muscle fibers into the lamina propria. Although Helicobacter pylori is a major consideration, reactive change is nonspecific and may accompany chemical or reflux-related injury, medication-associated damage, and other forms of non-H. pylori gastritis. Accurate interpretation requires assessment of inflammatory distribution and severity, organisms, glandular atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, epithelial atypia, exposure history, and clinical and endoscopic findings. This review summarizes the overlapping morphology, principal etiologic considerations, and limitations of diagnosing chronic active gastritis with reactive change from biopsy findings alone.
Question: Chronic active gastritis reactive change
Read the full reviewPersistent, reactivated, or infection-triggered immune responses may contribute to neurodegeneration, although available evidence does not establish a universal causal pathway or show that viral infection is sufficient to cause disease. Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) provides the strongest example, with experimental studies linking recurrent infection to amyloid-β accumulation, tau hyperphosphorylation, neuroinflammation, synaptic impairment, cognitive decline, and altered neuronal aging-associated markers. Other models indicate that non-lytic persistent infection, early-life infection, and infection-triggered immune responses can promote neuronal injury through maladaptive microglial activation and cytotoxic T-cell responses, including after viral clearance. Human evidence includes a single case of progressive deterioration associated with recurrent or persistent HSV-1 infection and an epidemiological association between higher cytomegalovirus antibody levels and faster cognitive decline, but these findings remain limited and non-definitive. Overall, viral effects may operate through chronic neuroinflammation, direct or indirect neuronal injury, disrupted amyloid-β and tau biology, synaptic dysfunction, oxidative stress, and accelerated cellular aging. Viral infection is therefore best regarded as a possible disease-modifying contributor interacting with host susceptibility and other risk factors.
Question: Does persistent or reactivated viral infection contribute to neurodegeneration?
Read the full reviewElemental nutrition formulations are designed to provide nutrients in forms requiring minimal gastrointestinal digestion while limiting exposure to intact proteins, potential allergens, poorly absorbed substrates, and other gastrointestinal burdens. Development must integrate clinical indication, age, disease state, route and duration of administration, nutritional completeness, digestibility, osmolality, gastrointestinal tolerance, palatability, physical stability, manufacturing quality, and clinical validation. Free-amino-acid formulas are truly elemental, whereas peptide-based and extensively hydrolyzed products are semi-elemental categories with different properties and clinical roles. Key formulation decisions concern the nitrogen, carbohydrate, lipid, electrolyte, micronutrient, and functional-ingredient systems, as well as energy density, water content, renal solute load, viscosity, tube compatibility, and storage stability. Because patient requirements and tolerance vary substantially, a universal formulation is unlikely to be appropriate. Evidence supports individualized, indication-specific development but remains limited by product heterogeneity and a relative scarcity of large prospective comparative trials (PMID: 39001958; PMID: 40290002).
Question: Elemental nutrition formulations development pl help
Read the full reviewDelayed cord clamping (DCC), generally for 30–60 seconds, appears feasible in many twin pregnancies when both infants and the mother are clinically stable. Observational studies associate DCC with higher neonatal hemoglobin or hematocrit and, in some cohorts, lower transfusion, respiratory morbidity, or neonatal intensive care admission. Evidence from preterm twins is mixed, and a small randomized study of preterm multiple births did not demonstrate significant neonatal benefits while reporting more postpartum hemorrhage in the DCC group. Maternal bleeding outcomes overall have not shown a consistent increase, but reporting is limited and operative deliveries may require particular caution. Chorionicity, birth order, delivery mode, placental anatomy, and discordant neonatal condition complicate management, especially in monochorionic twins. Cord milking cannot currently be considered equivalent to DCC or recommended routinely. Twin-specific evidence remains predominantly observational, heterogeneous, and insufficient to establish a universal duration, positioning strategy, or approach to monochorionic pregnancies.
Question: umbilical cord management in twin pregnancy
Read the full reviewVertebropexy is a semirigid spinal stabilization technique that uses tendon allografts or synthetic cerclage constructs to reinforce the posterior ligamentous complex after decompression while preserving some segmental mobility. Cadaveric studies demonstrate substantial restriction of flexion–extension, lateral shear, lateral bending, anterior shear, and axial rotation after decompression or facetectomy. Spinolaminar configurations may provide greater control of shear than interspinous constructs, while cortical-wrapping techniques and selected tendon or hybrid materials improve resistance to failure and distraction. A tendon allograft construct retained a net stabilizing effect after extensive cyclic loading, although some attenuation occurred. Preliminary clinical evidence includes a small series in low-grade degenerative spondylolisthesis, but an early trans-spinous technique produced spinous-process fractures in 55% of patients and was judged unsuitable in its existing form. Cement augmentation approximately doubled torque-to-failure in cadaveric constructs, but its clinical value remains unestablished. Overall, vertebropexy is a promising but investigational alternative to rigid fusion whose safety, durability, indications, and comparative effectiveness require prospective clinical evaluation.
Question: Vertebropexy
Read the full reviewMalaria remains a major public-health problem in Uganda, but its burden varies across districts, populations, and age groups. Available evidence identifies Plasmodium falciparum as the predominant species while demonstrating an underrecognized contribution from P. malariae, P. ovale, mixed infections, and submicroscopic parasitaemia. Transmission is associated with mosquito-net use, agricultural and household environments, poverty, housing conditions, and community health infrastructure. Asymptomatic infection is common among children and may impair sustained attention and abstract reasoning, while pregnant women and underserved Indigenous populations experience distinct risks. Artemisinin-based combination therapies remain central to treatment, although efficacy varies geographically, susceptibility to some partner drugs has declined, and PfK13-associated markers of partial artemisinin resistance are emerging. This review synthesizes evidence on Uganda’s malaria burden, determinants of transmission, diagnostic limitations, vulnerable groups, and treatment efficacy, emphasizing the need for locally adapted prevention, broader surveillance, and site-specific therapeutic policy.
Question: malaria in uganda
Read the full reviewCoronary artery calcium (CAC) scoring derived from noncontrast CT and coronary CT angiography (CCTA) are increasingly integrated tools for the assessment of coronary artery disease (CAD). CAC quantifies calcified atherosclerotic burden, most commonly using the Agatston method, and provides validated prognostic information that augments clinical risk factors. CCTA supplies lesion-specific anatomic and compositional detail including stenosis severity and high-risk plaque features not captured by CAC. When combined, CAC and CCTA enhance diagnostic performance, improve risk stratification, and can guide personalized management strategies. Important nuances include the limited sensitivity of CAC for noncalcified plaque, the potential for heavy calcification to degrade CCTA image quality through blooming and beam‑hardening artifacts, and the variable incremental utility of CT‑derived functional assessments such as CT‑FFR across calcium strata. Emerging technical advances—virtual noncontrast reconstructions, refined acquisition and reconstruction strategies, photon‑counting CT, quantitative plaque analysis, radiomics, and machine learning—aim to integrate and extend the prognostic value of both modalities. This review synthesizes current evidence on what CAC measures, how CAC and CCTA interact diagnostically and prognostically, clinical implications for symptomatic and asymptomatic patients, technical and practical limitations, and evolving directions in combined CT-based coronary assessment.
Question: Calcium score in CT angiography and its clinical significance
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